Why Not Just Print More Money

If we print more money, prices will rise such that we’re no better off than we were before. To see why, we’ll suppose this isn’t true, and that prices will not increase much when we drastically increase the money supply. Consider the case of the United States. Let’s suppose the United States decides to increase the money supply by  mailing  every man, woman, and child an envelope full of money. What would people do with that money? Some of that money will be saved, some might go toward paying off debt like mortgages and credit cards, but most of it will be spent.   Wouldnt We All Be Wealthier If We Printed More Money? Youre not going to be the only one who runs out to buy an Xbox. This presents a problem for Walmart. Do they keep their prices the same and not have enough Xboxes to sell to everyone who wants one, or do they raise their prices? The obvious decision would be to raise their prices. If Walmart (along with everyone else) decides to raise their prices right away, we would have massive inflation, and our money is now devalued. Since we’re trying to argue this won’t happen, we’ll suppose that Walmart and the other retailers don’t increase the price of Xboxes. For the price of Xboxes to hold steady, the supply of Xboxes will have to meet this added demand. If there are shortages, certainly the price will rise, as consumers who are denied an Xbox will offer to pay a price well in excess of what Walmart was formerly charging. For the retail price of the Xbox not to rise, we will need the producer of the Xbox, Microsoft, to increase production to satisfy this increased demand. Certainly, this will not be technically possible in some industries, as there are capacity constraints (machinery, factory space) that limit how much production can be increased in a short period of time. We also need Microsoft not to charge retailers more per system, as this would cause Walmart to increase the price they charged to consumers, as we’re trying to create a scenario where the price of the Xbox won’t rise. By this logic, we also need the per-unit costs of producing the Xbox not to rise. This is going to be difficult as the companies that Microsoft buys parts from are going to have the same pressures and incentives to raise prices that Walmart and Microsoft do. If Microsoft is going to produce more Xboxes, they’re going to need more man-hours of labor and obtaining these hours cannot add too much (if anything) to their per-unit costs, or else they will be forced to raise the price they charge retailers. Wages are essentially prices; an hourly wage is a price a person charges for an hour of labor. It will be impossible for hourly wages to stay at their current levels. Some of the added labor may come through employees working overtime. This clearly has added costs, and workers are not likely to be as productive (per hour) if they’re working 12 hours a day than if they’re working 8. Many companies will need to hire extra labor. This demand for extra labor will cause wages to rise, as companies bid up wage rates in order to induce workers to work for their company. They’ll also have to induce their current workers not to retire. If you were given an envelope full of cash, do you think you’d put in more hours at work, or less? Labor market pressures require wages to increase, so product costs must increase as well. Why Will Prices Go Up After a Money Supply Increase? In  short, prices will go up after a drastic increase in the money supply because: If people have more money, they’ll divert some of that money to spending. Retailers will be forced to raise prices, or run out of the product.Retailers who run out of product will try to replenish it. Producers face the same dilemma of retailers that they will either have to raise prices, or face shortages because they do not have the capacity to create an extra  product and they cannot find labor at rates which are low enough to justify the extra production. Inflation is caused by a combination of four factors: The  supply of money  goes up.The supply of goods goes down.Demand for money goes down.Demand  for goods goes up. We’ve seen why an increase in the supply of money causes prices to rise. If the  supply  of goods increased enough, factor 1 and 2 could balance each other out and we could avoid inflation. Suppliers would produce more goods if wage rates and the price of their inputs wouldn’t increase. However, we’ve seen they will increase. In fact, it’s likely that they’ll increase to such a level where it will be optimal for the firm to produce the amount they would have if the money supply had not increased. This gets us to why drastically increasing the money supply on the surface seems like a good idea. When we say we’d like more money, what we’re really saying is we’d like more  wealth. The problem is if we all have more money, collectively we’re not going to be any more wealthy. Increasing the amount of money does nothing to increase the amount of  wealth  or more plainly the amount of  stuff  in the world. Since the same number of people are chasing the same amount of stuff, we cannot on average be wealthier than we were before.

Grapes of Wrath the Theme of Decay in Chapter 25 - 864 Words

One of the most pervasive themes in this passage is that of a spreading decay that is taking over the society. This is first expressed in quite a literal sense, as an actual decay of fruit and produce, which spreads like a virus across the American countryside and farming lands. Due to the economic mismanagement of the farming industry, fruit and other produce are left to rot and decay on the trees because they are not picked by the farmers. The text gives many examples of different fruits being left to decay on the farms. We see, for example, the cherries, that are described at first as â€Å"full and sweet†, being left to turn into seeds which â€Å"drop and dry with black shreds hanging from them†. The purple prunes, which now â€Å"carpet the†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the repetition depicts figuratively the accumulation and spreading of the problem. It is not a problem that is isolated to one kind of fruit, or one particular farming community, but a p roblem that is rapidly becoming widespread. The image of â€Å"the smell of rot filling the country† also reinforces this idea of an unstoppable spread of decay, infiltrating the whole country bit by bit. This spreading decay is not only literal in the text, but it also symbolizes the proliferation of social injustice and inequality that is infecting the country. Interestingly, the text uses the spreading decay of the fruit as a cause, a symptom and a symbol of the spreading social inequality and discontent. The decaying fruit is a cause of the social discontent, as the rotting fruit is an affront to those who cannot afford to buy enough food for themselves and their families. As the text says: â€Å"a million people hungry, needing the fruit – and kerosene sprayed over the golden mountains†. People are literally forced to watch â€Å"potatoes float by†, â€Å"screaming pigs being killed in a ditch and covered with quicklime†, and â€Å"mountains of oranges slop down to a putrefying ooze†. The waste of good food is thus a cause of separation between producers and consumers, as the potential consumers of produce cannot understand the willful destruction of fruit and food that could have been such a benefit to them. We see in the text a very vivid depiction of this causal relationship: â€Å"childrenShow MoreRelatedGrapes of Wrath - Chapter 25 Analysis1462 Words   |  6 PagesAP Language, Per. 5 12 January 2013 Grapes of Wrath Analysis The cold, soaked earth, which was a source of life not too long ago, abducts a young child while the mother can only watch hopelessly as the husband shovels mounds of dirt. This event is not too different than most that citizens living during the Dust Bowl had to deal with. The self-destructive nature caused the American people to keep expanding and shaping the land as they saw fit. Because of this they overworked the land which, combinedRead More Chapter 25 of The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Essay examples2622 Words   |  11 PagesChapter 25 of The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck In the twenty-fifth chapter of his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck presents the reader with a series of vivid images, accompanied by a series of powerful indictments. Steinbeck effectively uses both the potent imagery and clear statements of what he perceives as fact to convey his message. This short chapter offers a succinct portrayal of one of the major themes of the larger work. Namely, the potential bounty of nature corruptedRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagespolicy statements, pamphlets, and organization manuals have also provided useful information. Chapter 1 reviews and reï ¬ nes Webers theory of charisma and routinization, using insights from a number of social movement scholars. Though this book focuses on routinization, it is necessary to locate routinization and its twin concept, charisma, in the wider context of Webers view of social change.11 In chapter 2, I identify the economic, political, and cultural deprivation of the poor in Jamaica as the

The Impact of Illegal Immigration on the United States

Immigration is one of the hot topics in today’s society: legal and illegal. According to, Philip E. Wolgin, in his article, â€Å"Immigration Polling Roundup: Americans of All Political Stripes Want Congress to Pass Immigration Reform†, there are 11.7 million unauthorized immigrants living in America today. From 1990 – 2007, immigration increased from 3.5 million to 12.2 million. Since 2007, immigration has decreased and fluctuated from 12.2 million illegal immigrants to 11.7 million illegal immigrants. In the article, â€Å"Splitting the Difference on Illegal Immigration†, Peter Skerry states that, included in the eleven million illegal immigrants, there are more than one million children under the age of eighteen. He also said that the illegal immigrants make up roughly four percent of our nation’s population, five percent of the work force, and twenty-eight percent of the foreign born residents.There are a lot of negative connotations that most p eople connect with illegal immigration. Some people will say that illegal immigrants take away from the economy by using government services and not paying any taxes, but they also tend to say that a lot of illegal immigrants will take the lower paying jobs that most Americans do not want. These two reasons are both negative and positive effects of legal and illegal immigration. Likewise, when people think about immigration they usually think about just the Mexicans that come over from Mexico, since Mexico is just right next door, butShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration Has A Positive Impact On The United States2114 Words   |  9 Pages2014 (White House, 5). Although illegal immigration is often considered negative, recent studies and social trends suggest illegal immigration has had a more positive impact on the United States through observing the cases of modern day life. The number of immigrants to the US increased at the end of twentieth century. One immigration study explains: According to the 1990 census, roughly one in twelve residents of the United States were born abroad. In some states, such as California, Florida, andRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Are Good For The Economy Of The United States1250 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of independent United States, the country has attracted immigrants from different parts of the world. Illegal immigrants form the larger proportion of the immigrants into the United States. Policy analysts, government officials, as well as scholars have sought to ascertain the political, social, and economic impacts of the illegal immigrants (Hanson 11). Particularly, there has been raging debate regarding the economic impact of illegal immigration to the United States of America. It has becomeRead MoreImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, t he immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreNeighbor Relations:. An Immigration Problem Between The1215 Words   |  5 Pages Neighbor Relations: An Immigration Problem between the United States and Mexico Alberto Beltran Sociology 121 November 20, 2013 Outline I. Introduction II. Mass Immigration from Mexico: 1910 to1930 III. Bracero Program IIII. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 V. Impact of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 VI. Illegal Immigration problem VII. Conclusion I. Introduction The United States has always been considered a countryRead MoreIllegal Immigration1709 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration: The Undocumented Issue In this paper I will discuss one of the biggest issues in the United States: Illegal immigrants. Some may say that illegal immigration has a positive impact on the United States’ economy, and some think that these undocumented immigrants affect jobs and wages of people that are living in this country. I think that illegal immigrants harm the United States’ economy through their use of our country’s social services such as health care, education andRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The Entry Of Non Us909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Illegal immigration is the entry of non-U.S. citizens into the United States without their having applied for entry at one of the many border crossings† (Illegal Immigration 9). There are numerous ways that illegal immigrants travel into the United States. The most common forms of entry are through Canada and Mexico. However, illegal immigration did not used to exist. In fact, immigration without applying to enter into the count ry was allowed in the United States at the beginning of 1655. OverRead MoreCause/Effect of immigration reform971 Words   |  4 Pagesto mind when you think of immigration? What is the United States’ current Immigration Policy? Would you even think that it is considered to be one of the most debatable topics today? Nowadays, many people decide to immigrate to have a better life for themselves and their families. Immigration reform, as it has been called, had been tried during the past years by our very own Congress. Obviously, administrations efforts failed because, currently, illegal immigration is still a platform. Why wouldRead MoreMedia Reaction to Immigration1471 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Reaction to Immigration Name Course Date Submitted Media Reaction to Immigration: The issue of illegal immigration is one of the hotly debated topics in almost every facet of society, especially among political leaders. This topic has also received huge media attention and reaction in the recent past including an article written by William Finnegan and published by The New Yorker. The article focuses on addressing the issue of borderlines and is based on the move by 17 Congress membersRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1459 Words   |  6 PagesIndependence in 1776. The United States of America has had immigrants from every nationality in the world seeking a better life or to pursue economic opportunities that may not be available in their native home. The majority of immigrants in the late nineteenth century arrived in the country on boats. Denial of entry were for the individuals whom are criminals, anarchists, or carriers of disease. Immigrants has the ability to become a legal resident, or a citizen of the United States. However, the process

Characteristics Of Respondents During Ict Utilization

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Characteristics of Respondents This sub-section presents the description and discussion of the characteristics of respondents. Respondents were asked to state their social-economic characteristics such as sex, age, education, years of their research experience, employment status and their research area of specialization. Results indicates that 60.94%(39) were males agriculture researchers and 39.06%(25) were females which shows that males are more dominant in agriculture research activities than females .65.62%(42) had age distribution ranging from 21-40 years with majority of them having completed MSc. Degrees i.e 45.31%(29) as the highest level of education which indicates a high level of literacy among†¦show more content†¦Age in years 21-40 42 65.62 41-50 13 20.31 51-60 6 9.38 60 3 4.69 3. Highest Level of Education completed Diploma 6 9.38 Bachelors 21 32.81 Masters 29 45.31 Phd 8 12.50 4.Years of Research experience 1-7 32 50.00 8-14 19 29.69 15-21 6 9.38 22-30 6 9.38 30 1 1.56 5.Employment Status Permanent 40 62.50 Contract 19 29.69 Visiting 5 7.81 4.2 Agriculture research activities conducted in Tanzania Table 5 shows different agriculture research activities conducted in the selected ARIs in Tanzania. Results indicates that researchers are confined in farming system and extension with 50.57%(32) followed by crop and soil science management with 39.68(25) and food science technology with38.10%(23).This results is the justification of the National Agriculture Policy (2013) goals and other public-private partnership initiatives by the Government of Tanzania which aim to enhance crop productivity and profitability in a sustainable manner in order to ensure food security and poverty reduction. In addition, results also indicate that Tanzania through ARIs is committed to strengthen pest and disease surveillance as well as to provide system and control mechanisms in agriculture activities (URT, 2013). However, the results show that ARIs are diversified into different areas of agriculture research activities in order to complement their major mandate which were established to undertake. Table 5: Research Activities conducted by Researchers in Tanzania

A New Sense Of Advertisement - 843 Words

Back in April of 2013, Spain had gained a new sense of advertisement – lenticular printing. Lenticular printing is a photograph that gives off a different message depending on the angle it is viewed. Due to this new process the ANAR Child Abuse Hotline had gained a new means of communicating to the younger generations. In the advertisement by Fernando Riveros, Matias Lopez Najavas and Maria Salomon, it shows a little boy around the age of seven to ten. In the adults’ view, there seems to be nothing wrong, except with the boys’ solid face. He looks like something is wrong. The message along with the adults’ view is â€Å"Sometimes child abuse is only visible to the child suffering it.† This message is only visible to persons whom are four feet, five inches and above. But, with the child’s view, the advertisement takes a turn for the worse. In the child’s view, the little boy has bruises on his right cheek/jaw and lip. The message for t he younger generations is â€Å"If someone hurts you, phone us and we’ll help you.† The child’s view can only be seen at four feet, five inches and below. The child’s message cannot be seen by the adults and can only be seen by the young viewer. This picture has a giant meaning to it – the younger generation has a voice. Child abuse is one of the most common forms of abuse. The reason, I believe, has to do with the fact adults see children very low on the toldem pole. Adult physical abusers believe they can play God and think that since they â€Å"broughtShow MoreRelatedSamsung : The Next Big Campaign944 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigation of new Apple products and presented a plan to add the iPhone in a patent infringement lawsuit. Samsung’s â€Å"the next big† campaign, which openly challenges Apple quality, exacerbates the conflict. The advertisements publicize the dispute between the two companies while dismantling Apple products and portraying Samsung products as superior. For those that have no particular allegiance to either company’s products and are debating which of the two to purchase, the advertisements provide sensibleRead MoreAdvertising Is A Multi Billion Dollar Industry1631 Words   |  7 PagesAdvertisements are everywhere. Whether they are on television, radio, internet, or in a magazine, there is no way that we can escape them. They have all their target audience who they have specially designed the ad for. They often use manipulating schemes, get into people psychotically in order to sell their products. Advertising is a multi-billion dollar industry and the advertising’s study was created so that they can attract the audience’s attention. There is always an image or a symbol on anRead MoreAnalysis of the Sofia Vergara Head and Shoulders Advertisement691 Words   |  3 Pagespublished an advertisement for Sofia Vergara featuring Head and Shoulders. Head and Shoulders i s a shampoo product with different kinds of shampoos. This advertisement is selling the green apple head and shoulder shampoo with its conditioner. Who are the targeted audience? Why would any person choose this product not the other? A lot of questions the advertisement must reply on to be considered as a good advertisement. One of the main questions asked would be if this was a persuasive advertisement or notRead MoreOvert Sexualization in American Apparel’s Advertising Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Apparel’s advertisements use sexual images to sell their products, it is a strategy that has caused much controversy because it is the woman being put in the advertisement in a suggestive way to model American Apparel’s clothing. From having American Apparel female employers exposing their bodies to female models seductively placed in overtly sexualized positions to having a pornographic actress. American Apparel has been a controversial company when discussing their advertisements. The companyRead MoreMarketing Strategies For The Advertising1541 Words   |  7 Pagesof an advertisement is going up, but the effectiveness of reaching the consumers is going down advertisers are left trying to figure out a way to reach consumers. This film looked at different strategies that were used in the past, and strategies that are currently being used to break through the clutter. Clutter refers to the amount of advertising a consumer is exposed to on a daily basis. The key to success as this film points out, is to break through that clutter and brand advertisements betterRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of The American Man1156 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Growing up in America, we have been subjected to countless acts of gender stereotypes on television, newspapers, and advertisements. The American man is visualized as someone who is carefree, muscular, and lacks any type of emotion. This fantastik advertisement’s purpose is to challenge these stereotypes and makes us reevaluate the way we look at men and women. According to America’s standards, women are supposed to prepare meals for their family along with cleaning and other householdRead MoreThe Family Of The Jcpenney Advertisement A Happy Family978 Words   |  4 PagesIn the JCPenney advertisement a happy family of four sits on a clean living room floor embracing one another with hugs and smiles. There is fashionable furniture and decorations in the room, all of them in gender neutral colors. The family is well-dressed in soft blues and white. Every face in the ad is adorned with a tremendous smile. There is a caption in the upper-left corner that describes dad as cool and a best friend, bike fixer, swim coach, tent builder, and hug giver and rolled into oneRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Advertising Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagestheir audiences as such. Advertisements have become such an integral part of corporations but why are they so important? It seems as if they affect our social psychology when distinguishing our needs from our wants. We should accordingly ask ourselves whether the use of advertisements to create demand creates a positive or negative impact on society. Conversely; does it stimulate demand and provide a positive influence on the general economy or, does it create a false sense of need, leading to materialismRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Drink?1323 Words   |  6 Pagesaveraged about 9 servings a day in Atlanta; now, daily sales average about 1.9 billion a day, worldwide. Much of this widespread success is due to the exceptionally affective Coca Cola advertisements used throughout the years. Pemberton, though he could mak e a good drink, was dreadful with marketing and advertisements. However, he had business partner Frank M. Robinson to help. Robinson came up with both the first slogan, â€Å"The Pause That Refreshes,† and the idiosyncratic Coca Cola script. SimilarlyRead MoreSocial Media Is A Part Of Our Cultural Discourse919 Words   |  4 Pageslives more interesting. We have embedded the idea of FoMO into our society because we assume that we can almost do whatever we want with our lives, but doing everything is impossible. Our ability to make decisions socializes the ideas of FoMO in the sense that we have a lot of pressure in our lives to create a good life for ourselves, and thus leaving some opportunities out, but we are always wondering what we could be or could have missed out on. The ideas of FoMO and human needs can be combined

Crime and Geography free essay sample

Crime mapping is how we detect areas with crime. In Crime Mapping, it focuses on identifying places or areas where crime is high or low. Mapping crime is helpful as police can track down which areas in a city, town or country has high risk of crime. When a crime has been committed, the crime will be plotted on a map with information like when the crime was made, what offence was made and who the offender was. Currently, Crime mapping has been used actively in most countries. As Crime mapping helps identify places or areas where crime is high or low, police can monitor areas where crime is high to protect the people around the area. Police can use the data from the map to find the person that committed the crime. WHAT IS CRIME Crime is an action that breaks the law or illegal. Crime is related to Geography in many different ways because geography can help to see where crimes are most likely to be committed, to combat crime and to help areas where crime is high to prevent it. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Geography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a crime happens, it has information like where and what time it happened, who did it, and a reason. If a crime is defined in society but not in law, then it won’t be a crime. If you were caught for committing a crime, you will be either charged for it or either go to the jail for a certain period of time. After being released from prison or charge, you may lose some of your rights in society for example not being able to vote in some countries. DIFFERENT KINDS OF CRIMES There are many different forms or kinds of crimes in the world. In just 2012 alone, there has been 3,700,349 crimes in the UK as stated in the statistics provided by the Office of National Statistics. That number may be big, but it is not completely reliable as not every crime is reported or known to the police. As you know, there are many different kinds of crimes. When a crime has been reported, it will be classified in one of nine types of offence groups. The nine types of offence groups are: * Crime against the person (with / without injury) * Sexual Offences * Robbery * Burglary * Vehicle Offences * Other Theft * Fraud or Forgery * Criminal Damage * Drug Offences * Other EFFECTS OF CRIME When a crime has been committed, it can affect a lot of people. It can first of course, affect the victim. The victim can be traumatized by what has happened and it goes on to their families and friends. Although the list may seem to end, but it still goes on. Other people may be also affected, like the area where the crime happened. People may be afraid to go out of their houses, it also makes that area’s density go down, as people may move out or run away. The families of the offenders may be affected where people will be afraid to be around them or they will be embarrassed by what has happened. Crime is just not affected by the offender and the victim. It can affect many people. Crime can affect you too. For example, if a crime happens in an area near you, you may be worried. PREVENTING CRIME Although crime is everywhere, crime can be prevented in many different ways. We can protect our own properties. As criminals do not like to have a hard time committing crimes, we can add in fences, locks or alarms to prevent crime. In some communities, they have security guards to protect their communities, which helps prevent crime. We can also design areas to prevent crime. You can design a layout so that the houses around that area can spot suspicious behavior or activity more easily. The more open areas there is, the less crime will be performed in that area as criminals also perform crime in quiet areas. MY THOUGHTS I believe that crime happens everywhere at any point of time, but we can also prevent or even stop it if we work together. If the government take serious action on crime, then crime can also be stopped. If they do not care about crime that much, criminals are most likely to commit crimes.

Crack Injection Method

Question: Discuss about theCrack Injection Method. Answer: Introduction Concrete is a durable part, which deteriorates with time due to different factors. Some of the major results, which may lead to the deteriorations of concrete structure, include the physical damage, chemical attack, structural movement or even material degradation due to the exposure of the materials to severe and unworthy environments (Kennedy 2008). The presence of these conditions leads to the need of the crack injection methods in order to rehabilitate the concrete structures. The concrete structures are expensive and a lot of time is invested in their construction. This leads to the call for their rehabilitation to help give the structure their value of money. In addition, the rehabilitation helps to extend their life and help the structure to serve their intended purpose the mentioned duration (Panasyuk, Marukha Sylovanyuk 2014). Suitable methods for rehabilitating these structures are needed and the crack injection method is one of the key methods, which help to provide the s ervice and life for the structures. Moreover, all concrete structures are vulnerable to deterioration and damage. Failure to rehabilitate the concrete structure, more failures is experienced and this may lead to the shortening of the life of the structures. In addition, time factor is the rehabilitation for the projects is crucial on which method need to be used for the rehabilitation. Crack injection methods have grown to be one of the most crucial alternative to the total; replacements of the concrete structures. Today, Epoxy Injection Resin is most an applied method to crack injection on concrete structures. In order to achieve the best results, the crack inject has to follow a certain process. The Epoxy Injection Resin is a method whereby cracks are welded together and therefore enhance the stability of the concrete structures. This methods helps in cost saving and helps to protect the raber and water leakages (Calder 1986). The standard procedure of carrying out the crack injection will be the main content of this report. In addition, the paper will look at the key notes of the crack injection method as a method of renovating structures. The crack injection process is one of the effective repair methods of the concrete structures. On the injection methods, the location of the cracks is key on the determination of the approach used for the injection. For the method to be applied and be effective, the cracked surface and the size of the crack are the main factors, which must be considered (Fonseca Glenn 2003). The crack injection method is known to be able to restore the structural integrity of different structures and reduction of the moisture penetration. Moreover, before the application of any crack injection method, the main cause of the fracks must be assessed, corrected and the objective of the repair be determined. There are different crack injection methods, which are used to rehabilitate the concrete structures. Epoxy Injection Resin and Polyurethane Foams are two main methods that are commonly used to repair the cracks in concrete (Sandia National Laboratories United States 2009). There are different situat ions, which call upon on the use of some of the methods while denying the use of other. Cost factors, use of additional other materials, expansion of the materials used are among the main reasons for the adoption of the crack injection methods. All these factors of the cracks are able to determine the type of crack injection method to be used in any particular case. In addition, the final requirement of the status of the crack also determines the method to be chosen . For instance, the need for the increase of the strength of the concrete structure calls for the use of Epoxy Injection Resin. This method helps to produce a stronger final structure due to the available structure. The first and initial stage and procedure for the repair of any concrete structure is the crack analysis. At this stage, the characteristics of the different cracks are determined and their status and their cause. The analysis helps to determine the type of method to be used at any particular element of the structure. The crack analysis also involves the analysis of the structure and the final requirement of the projects. In addition, the strength factor of the structures which have the structural failure will be a key factor to determine the method used. In addition, this step of crack analysis will enhance any structural designing, which the structural engineer will take. This step will help to the engineer on the measurement of then crack and help him or her on the decision which method will be suitably favor the crack site according to the end result requirement. More importantly, the step will help to put in a nutshell the rabar and help to reduce the premature deterioration of the steel used (Hajialiakbari Fini 2008). The joints which will help to increase the stability factor of the structure will be needed at they can be decided through the crack analysis process. Therefore, the crack analysis process becomes a crucial method to be involved in the crack injection method. The next main stage of the site injection method is the injection preparation and surface preparation. The main difference between the different methods of crack inject methods is the type of injection involved. This is a step where the structural preparation of the cracks is already known and the materials to be used are determined. On the injection preparation, the cleaning of the cracks is one of the major steps, which need to be undertaken (Allen, Edwards Shaw 1993). The injection method means that the old concrete structure will need to bond with the help of the injection materials. Dirt at the cracks is likely to reduce the strength of the bonding material by a significant factor. Cleaning of the cracks helps to remove any available contaminations at the crack site to enhance the strength of the bonding. Some of the major materials, which might be present as contaminants, include oil, grease, dirt, and even fine particles of concrete (Felker Parcells 2009). The effectiveness of the repairs and the bonding is determined by the cleanliness of the cracks. The cleaning of the cracks is done through vacuuming or flashing with water at high pressure. This will ensure that these contaminants are successfully removed and thus enhance the bonding factor of the materials used and the concrete structure. another key step is the drilling of the surface ports. This procedure lies in the injection preparation and enhances the bonding factor of the concrete structure repair (United States 1988). The ports are key to be drilled with vacuumed attached swivel drill chuck and by the use of hollow drill bits. This will help to clean the site and remove any concrete dust on the ports, which can be much dangerous on the ability of the injection to bond the cracks and therefore reducing the injection strength. The drilled ports must not include any concrete dust, and that is the main use of the vacuum in the drilling process. The main reason is that the concrete dust might be much detrimental to the bonding process and able to reduce the effectiveness of the injection process by several ways, such as the reduction of the viscosity of the injection materials or even formation of semi-paste material, which might block the ports (Sandia National Laboratories United States 2009). The drilling proce dure, on the other hand, must be followed ad ports of required sized be dilled. More importantly, the spacing of the ports must be determined well to enhance the tightening of the crack. A qualified applicator must be used for this process since it is key to the success of the crack repair of the structure. Another important area is that the depth of the ports must be determine well. The spacing of the cracks must rage between four and eight inches in order to achieve the best tightening of the cracks. The next key step is the procedure is the setting out of the surface ports. The ports must be aligned directly over the cracks in order to allow free flow of the injection material this will ensure that the injection material will reach the required place and enhance the bonding factor. To reach this, one can place a nail at the top of the surface of the port and then gently tap the nail to the crack (Sasse 1986). This will temporarily hold the port in place and ensure that the flow of the injection material will be achieved. The next step is the sealing of the cracks. The filling must be done in order to prevent the injection material from leaking even before it has gelled out. Epoxy, polyester or even other suitable material can be used as a seal material to the surface of the crack and then allowing it to harden. In addition, cementitious seals can also be used on these surfaces (Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States 2011). The cementitious seals are mostly used where the appearance of the completed works is important needed. In addition, is a permanent glossy look along the crack is questionable or even high pressure is not need, a strippable plastic seal which is removable can be applied and then stripped out after the hardening of the seal. The next step in the procedure involves injection of the resin and this is best achieved with the use of an injection machine. On the injection, low-pressure or high pressure can be used according to the different conditions of the ports and the cracks. Nevertheless, the flow of the resin must at the end reach the destination on the ports and enhance the bonding at that point. The cracks may be in different direction and it has to be noted that for the vertical cracks, the injection must start from the lowest port and continue all the way to the cracked parts of the concrete structure. When the injection material oozes out, it is a sign that the crack has been filled up. The filled port must be plugged and the filling process continues to the next ports available until the entire ports are filled and plugged (Hassoun 2000). The process has to continue until the entire cracked areas are filled with the injection material. More importantly, during the filling process, the compression s pring on the dispensing machine must be pushed slowly and with constant pressure. Since the repair of the cracked concrete structure is meant to save on cost, this will reduce the possibilities of leaks and blowouts and therefore help to reduce wasting of the injection material. In addition, the constant pressure and gentle use will enhance the full penetration of the injection material and therefore able to force the material to reach the target point. The last, critical step in the procedure is the removal of the ports. The removal of the ports must be undertaken between 24 to 48 hours at room temperature after the time of injection of the material. This time allows the injection material to cure and penetrate to the cracks and therefore enhancing the bonding. The removal process of the ports may be through striking the ports with a hammer or trowel. As noted earlier, if the appearance of the area is a great issue, the removal of the seal must be undertaken (Sasse 1986). This depends on the sealing material used since the material, which can be chipped, can be used as a seal and then removed after the removal of the ports. The peeling off the seal must be undertaken after the repair has be cured fully in order to avoid any destruction and creation of lines of weaknesses. In conclusion, the crack injection method is a simple process that is able to attain high level of standards of the concrete structures. The injection process starts with the surface preparation, which includes cleaning of the surface and then moves to the drilling of ports. The ports enhance the injection material to reach the cracked locations and enhance the bonding. Port surface setting and sealing of the cracks are the next key steps of this procedure. The next step involves the injection of resin or the injection material and allowing it to bond and dry up and then the ports are removed. References Allen, R. T. L., Edwards, S. C., Shaw, J. D. N. (1993). The Repair of concrete structures. London, Blackie Academic Professional. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10165482 Calder, A. J. J. (1986). Repair of cracked reinforced concrete: assessment of injection methods. Crowthorne, Berkshire, Bridges Division, Highways and Structures Dept., Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Felker, V., Parcells, W. H. (2009). The effects of the fly-ash slurry injection method to eliminate depressed transverse cracks. Topeka, Kan, Kansas Dept. of Transportation. Fonseca, F., Glenn, B. W. (2003). Flexural performance of retrofitted reinforced concrete cantilevered bent caps. Part 2 Part 2. Salt Lake City, Utah, Utah Dept. of Transportation. Hajialiakbari Fini, E. (2008). Adhesion mechanisms of bituminous crack sealant to aggregate and laboratory test development. Dissertation Abstracts International. 69-05 Hassoun, A. A. M. (2000). Effectiveness of the epoxy injection repair method for cracked reinforced concrete walls. Kennedy, L. (2008). Concrete repair manual. Farmington Hills, Mich, ACI International. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States. (2011). Materials for High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems. Oak Ridge, Tenn, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1027862/. Panasyuk, V., Marukha, V., Sylovanyuk, V. (2014). Injection Technologies for the Repair of Damaged Concrete Structures. https://proxy.cegepat.qc.ca/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7908-2. Sandia National Laboratories, United States. (2002). Leak Testing and Implications of Operations to Locate Leak Horizons at West Hackberry Well 108. Washington, D.C, United States. Dept. of Energy. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/800989-mNzV3L/native/. Sasse, H. R. (1986). Adhesion between polymers and concrete / Adhe?sion entre polyme?res et be?ton: Bonding Protection Repair / Reve?tement Protection Re?paration. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3454-3. United States. (1988). High molecular weight methacrylate (HMWM) concrete crack bonder: information package. Washington, D.C., Federal Highway Administration.