Effects of Enzyme

Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Biology Introduction In order to understand the activity of enzymes at different temperatures the ability of the enzyme to function can be measured. This is important in many applications such as Polymerase Chain Reaction for forensics as well as genetics research where manipulation of temperature-dependent enzymes allows for replication of DNA segments. Bennett states, â€Å"when the energy – measured as heat – increases in a chemical reaction the energy increases the reaction speed and reaction rate. (1969) This happens until a threshold though in many biological processes where positive energy input no longer increases reaction speed due to the inhibition of other factors – in this experiment that factor is the degradation or denaturing of the protein complex that is the enzyme working to catalyze the reaction. One would make the hypothesis that for any given enzyme there is a minimum reaction rate which increases with tempera ture then at a maximum point begins to be less and less efficient as the enzyme form no longer works to catalyze the reactions with its given substrates.Materials and Methods After obtaining five clean test tubes and labeling them in order one through five, each were marked at one centimeter and at four centimeters from the bottom with a permanent marker. Next, the potato juice/catalase extract is added to each tube to the one centimeter mark. The following portion of the experiment was in segments for each tube. Tube one was placed in an ice-bath by adding ice and water in a 250ml beaker. Tube two was placed in the tube rack on the lab bench in a room temperature environment.Tube three was placed in a water bath at 50 degrees celsius, and tube four was set in the 70 degree celsius water bath. Tube five was placed in a boiling water bath of a beaker on the hot plate while wearing goggles for protection. Each tube was then left in the conditional environment for ten minutes. The temp erature of the boiling water, room temperature, and ice bath were measured by thermometer. After the ten minutes I used the thermometer to measure the temperatures of the room, ice, and boiling water. Then, after adding water, waited 30 seconds until the foaming in the tube, stopped.The measured the amount of foam was recorded. Results After all the appropriate steps were taken, a table was created and I recorded each temperature that was in the tube and foam height as well. The temperate and the foam height were both recorded to see the resemblance and results concluding the temperature effect on enzymes. An example of my results are recreated as seen below (numbers and titles are accurate and the same as lab test) As shown in the table A, temperature and foam height is represented by different color lines on the graph. The purple line, represents temperature. The blue line represents foam height (mm).As the temperature rose, the heigh of the foam decreased. This did not support my hypothesis. My hypothesis clearly stated,† If the temperature is really high, then the foam will rise highly. 50 degrees will be have the most amount of foam. † This hypothesis was not supported because the highest amount of foam was found at 0 degrees. The enzymes reached optimum temperature, and then denaturing took place. In comparison to another lab, the same results occurred. Campbell Neil from students. cis stated, â€Å"The higher the concentration of substrate, the faster the reaction rate. † This made my hypothesis invalid. DiscussionAlthough my hypothesis was not correct, the lab results agree with previous literature on the effects of temperature on enzyme activity. According to Susan Gilbert, â€Å"Enzymes are sensitive to their environmental conditions. Up to a point, the rate of the reaction will increase as a function of temperature because the substrates will collide more frequently with the enzyme active site. At extremes of pH or temperature, e ither high or low, the native structure of the enzyme will be compromised, and the molecule will become inactive†(2009). Enzymes are very sensitive and do the opposite of what most chemical reactions in this case.According to the Worthington Biochemical Corporation, â€Å"A ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature will increase the activity of most enzymes by 50 to 100%† (2012). This furthers the conclusion that when the temperature rose the foam height decreased and the reaction was less intense. Table A. Bibliography Bennett. 1969. Modern Topic in Biochemistry 43-45 Campbell, N. 2002. Biology, 6th ed. : Enzymes 300-340 Cummings. 1998. Biology in the Laboratory: Temperature and enzymes. 1-9, 10-20 Gilbert, S. 2002. â€Å"Enzymes. † Biology Vol. 2. 3-9 ———————– [pic]

Impediments to Logistics Performance

MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND LOGISTICS 2011 Unit Title : International Trade Policy & Practice Unit number : MTL 504 Assignment number : 2 Submission date : 16th October 2011 Student declaration I certify that the attached assignment is my own work. Material drawn from other sources has been acknowledged according to unit-specific requirements for referencing. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16th October 2011 †¦. Name/Signature of studentDate Introduction: This report critically examines impediments in 5 key areas taken into consideration in assessing the logistics performance of Sri Lanka and methods of overcoming the same as mentioned in the recent survey in determining the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) of various countries worldwide. Executive Summary The LPI is a comprehensive index created to help countries identify the challenges and opportunities they face in trade logistics performance. The World Bank conducts the LPI survey every two years. The key document for this is the the second edition of Connecting to Compete:Trade Logistics in the Global Economy,which was first published in November 2007. The Logistics Performance Index was based on a survey of operators on the ground worldwide – global freight forwarders and express carriers – who provided feedback on the logistics â€Å"friendliness† of the countries in which they operate and those with which they trade. Sri Lanka’s Logistics Performance Index is 2. 29 and ranked 137. In spite of prevailed security condition in the first ecade of this millennium Sri Lanka was able to lay a good foundation for implementing trade facilitation measure over the years. Typology of Sri Lanka according to Impediments to Logistics Performance Table Trade Related Infrastructure The Pathfinder Foundation says that Sri Lanka’s LPI ranking also reflects logistics-related problems with road and rail infrastructure, including congested road access to the P ort of Colombo and poor trucking and rail services; costs of both trucking and rail exceed those of Bangladesh and India. The railway sector accounts for only about one percent of freight movements in Sri Lanka, and is characterized by a large cost structure. In addition, the report says that the logistics sector has been slow to provide value added services for transshipment through the Colombo port. The Pathfinder Foundation says that the government can encourage this by providing free zones and customs procedures that enable the efficient provision of services. Failure to do this can make Colombo vulnerable to losing market share to Indian ports that are being upgraded; particularly as pure transshipment cargo is foot-loose Sri Lanka needs to advance its export competitiveness by developing its logistics, and plugging into Asian supply chains is of vital importance. Especially with the significant opportunities that lie with Sri Lanka’s close proximity to the South Indian markets of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka needs to become open to such international supply ch ains. Even if she can’t actually attract the companies to set up large plants here on the island, the country can be a part of a model, where some components could be manufactured here and shipped across to bigger plants in other countries for the assembly of finished products – that would be the paradigm shift. Overcoming the impediments the area of trade related infrastructure will play a pivotal role in the increase of the LPI ranking of Sri Lanka. This can be catogorized as physical infrastructure requirements and business processes. The following areas should be considered in priority for this purpose ; 1. Trading through Electronic Documents 2. Introduce online payment of Customs Levy 3. Development of Road/Rail/Canal transport 4. Upgrade Handling Equipments in the Port and increase handling capacity 5. Development of areas within close vicinity to the airport and sea port Quality and Supply of Logistics Services As Logistics is the backbone of trading of goods the quality of trade will depend upon the quality of logistics services available in an economy. There are many factors which affect this. These can be broadly categorised into three areas as people , Process and systems and Physical Infrastructure. Although this can be also inter related with other areas of determinants of the LPI this is an encompassing factor covering all the areas as Quality is a philosophy which embodies all the functions of the determinants of the LPI. In order to set and maintain standards and guidelines in the area all industry related organizations should be monitored by one body which will see to the fact that all these groupings are governed in a way that it will maintain the highest quality standards amongst its members and all stakeholders in the industry are involved in one of these organizations to ensure compliance. These Organizations are as follows ; * SLAFFA (Sri Lanka Freight forwarders Association) * SLACA ( Sri Lanka Air line cargo Association) * SLLPA (Sri Lanka Logistics Providers Association) * CASA (Ceylon Association of Ship Agents) * ACT (Assiciation of Container Transporters) There should be strong recommendations for companies involved in Logistics services to be a member of their respective grouping and also have a minimum number of professionally trained staff from these bodies. This will also facilitate the quality service provision through these skilled employees in this sector. Another important area is to recognize top performing logistics providers by way of introduction of an awards scheme to motivate the companies involved in the industry and to take the industry standards into new heights which in turn will benefit the customers in the long run. There can be benefits obtained also by Interlinking domestic freight forwarders ystems with International Freight forwarders or their agents to provide better info flow to the customers in order to track their shipments through the entire supply chain. Core Customs Modernization This can be identified as the main area of consideration for improvement in affecting the LPI ranking. As mentioned at the beginning of this report the last LPI survey was at the peak of the Sri Lankan war against terrorism. This meant stringent security measures in the country and strict surveillance on all goods that entered the cou ntry. According to the LPI, Sri Lanka’s performance is particularly weak in clearance by border control agencies (particularly customs), logistical competence and ability to track and trace consignments. There has been slow progress in implementing customs reform. Sri Lanka has made less progress than other countries in South Asia, such as Bangladesh and India. There is a strong case for attaching high priority to customs reform, including full use of the ASYCUDA system and development of a computerized system of risk management. Lack of progress in this area place our exporters in a disadvantageous position from competing in time-sensitive markets, thereby undermining the growth and employment prospects of the country. There are many areas to be considered in the process of customs modernization in Sri Lanka which includes the following ; * Round the clock & 365 days work. * Change attitude to understand that the customs is not only regulator but also trade facilitator. * Online cargo clearing. * Abolish age old regulations. * Introduce pre – arrival clearance. * Release goods against guarantees. Post – clearance audit method. * Re introduction of Green Channel – Customs decided implementing green channel for 10% out of identified 75 top importers (Sunday times 04th Sept 2011) * Restrict custom’s activities to main areas such as Border Control /Tariff functions & Inspection. * WTO Guide Lines should be adopted * Take positive steps to eliminate corruption * Introduce an effective review and appeal procedure Methods such as Green Channel and Risk Management should be introduced in order to reduce the clearance time wasted as a result of 100% examination at present. Today all 28,000 TEUs in a month are examined of which 18,000 TEU's are examined at Rank Container Terminal alone. But it was noted that while authorities intend on using an automated system, the industry pointed out that while there are a number of dynamics involved in the assessment of the products a manual check would prove to be a better procedure though. † – Sunday times Integration of Border Management Sri Lanka’s rank in â€Å"Trading Across the Border† is 65 out of 183 which is above the South Asian average but below OECD Average. Regional Facilitation and Transit Drawbacks in Connection with the Logistics Performance of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan shipping officials have questioned the validity of a recent World Bank ranking on logistics that placed the island even below landlocked Uganda, despite Colombo's position as a container transshipment hub. The criticism came at a videoconference discussion connecting audiences in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Washington on trade logistics in the global economy to discuss the findings of the study. Rohan Masakorala, former chairman of the Sri Lanka Shippers' Council, raised doubts about the study and LPI index and questioned whether the research had got it wrong. â€Å"The study's credibility is at stake and [such] findings can seriously damage the country. † It was mentioned that Sri Lankan businesses were concerned about misleading representation in such studies as it could affect foreign investment which the island needed to develop the economy. The World Bank study called the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 2007 ranked Sri Lanka at 92 out of 150 countries with a low overall score of 2. 0 out of five, even below India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Singapore was ranked No 1 while Uganda scored 2. 49, more than Sri Lanka, whose Colombo port is south Asia's hub for container transshipment. The LPI consists of both perception and objective measures and evaluates performance along the logistics supply chain within a country, the World Bank said. An USAID study last year had placed the island ahead of other south Asian states like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. An alternative suggestion to be included in the survey was to ask buyers of Sri Lankan exports what their impression is – who buy apparel from different Asian countries The Sri Lankan shippers' council and freight forwarders association were also not consulted in the survey. The following news article from The Daily News with Prominent Shipping Personality Mr Rohan Masakorala also gives many insights into this ; â€Å" Sri Lanka has been ranked 137th in the World Bank released Logistic Performance Index (LPI) for 2009. The country secured the 92nd place according to LPI 2007. The LPI has not given a true picture of the country’s capability and the list and the criteria, and Sri Lanka has been pushed from 92 to 137, it is unfair as the country has an efficient air and ocean shipping sector, Sri Lanka Shippers’ Council former Chairman and Asian Shippers’ Council Secretary General Rohan Masakorala told Daily News Business. The index was arrived at by considering the strengths in rail, road, ocean shipping and air systems in a country. The World Bank team is looking at the overall picture. However, the Shippers’ Council or the freight forwarders have not been consulted for these LPI interviews this time as well. â€Å"They are doing a fundamental mistake by placing sea, air, road, rail and inland waterways in one basket, ignoring the strengths of different countries and territories,† he said. Courtesy – Daily News Another suggestion given in the abovementioned article is that â€Å"The LPI gives a wrong signal to investors and buyers. It could have been agreed upon if the World Bank had a chart separating sea, air, and road and rail rankings and then combining the four against the overall performance with other criteria such as customs practices. Then at least one would see each country’s SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities and threat). It is not proper to compare a landlocked country and a maritime nation. This is one reason to be critical of the position of Sri Lankas Ranking in the LPI. Furthermore the LPI is one among many comparative rankings globally. Converting the LPI to a ranking out of 100 places Sri Lanka would rank at 88 (137/155). We could compare this with other related rankings as follows Ranking Type| Organization| Ranking| Comparative ranking out of 100| Logistics Performance Index 2009| The World Bank| 137 out of 155| 88| Doing Business 2011| The World Bank| 102 out of 188| 56| Best Container Ports in the world| Containerization International Magazine Year Book 2009| 27 out of all World Ports| Within the top 2%| | | | | | | | Conclusion By analyzing the logistics related performance of Sri Lanka through various trade statistics it can be identified that Sri Lanka as a whole had a comparatively bad year due to the prevailing situation in the country at the time. Reference List 1. Connecting to Compete – Trade Logistics in the Global Economy 2010. The World Bank Publications 2. Export growth: The challenge of poor logistics – Article of e research by the Pathfinder Foundation, Daily News 21st June 2011 3. Doing Business 2011 – Comparing Business Regulation in 183 Economies, a Co Publication of The World Bank and International Financial Corporation. 4. Sri Lanka Ports Authority official website 5. Sunday Times 4th September 2011, Business Section – â€Å"Customs to Open Green Channel for 75 Companies† 6. Daily News 9th February 2011, Performance Index gives wrong signal to investors – Rohan Masakorala 7. Daily News 4th August 2011, ACFA wants Green Channel examination reintroduction 8.

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Essay

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE - Essay Example wledge provided to human beings as a result of what they think is wrong, right and acceptable, to a large extent, plays a crucial role in determining how conflict is viewed by different people around the world. According to Fry, Conflict is a perceived feeling of a divergence in the interests of two or more people and groups, and how these people decide to act upon this threatening divergence- whether they act in a violent or non-violent way, or if they even view this conflict as something threatening- depends on the culture that these people have thrived in. Samovar and Porter (1995), point out that culture controls and defines the various circumstances and conditions under which different messages are and are not noticed and interpreted, and similarly, the way which a particular conflict is viewed, deciphered and ultimately handled has a lot to do with the individual culture that people, societies and groups have developed over a course of time. Different people and societies have varying attitudes towards how they react towards conflicts and Fry provides a variety of examples of Brazil’s Upper Xingu River Basin where a group of inter connected tribes have developed a system of harmony through which they avoid conflict and practice a peaceful existence together. The villagers adopt an attitude of tolerance through which problems are resolved mostly in a non-violent fashion and many issues are over-looked. Fry also gives the example of other groups of people such as the Tarojas of Indonesia who also use avoidance to indirectly deal with any issues that may arise between two families and the lack of confrontational activities which lead to minimization of violent contact. Other communities, such as the Jalà © of New Guinea may cease to speak with to each other when two or more parties are faced with pressing conflicts and altogether avoid being in the presence of one another so that violent confrontations are virtually non-existent. Apart from toleration and

Dedham in the 1630s.in Massachusetts. use web resorce Essay

Dedham in the 1630s.in Massachusetts. use web resorce - Essay Example The Puritan communities participated through availing themselves in gatherings that marked the day of public shame. They participated in religious exercises that were conducted using the laws of the Sabbath. People in the communities also participated through dances, which were meant to condemn the law breakers. They made fun of the regressors and spat on them. As a transgressor, I would feel inflexible and uncomfortable due to the stillness. My physical motion of movement would be interfered with, which would make me sweaty and nervous. I would feel emotionally humiliated and that my dignity would be robed off me. Although I committed a crime, I would not find it fair to be embarrassed in public and would want to hide my face. My thoughts would be in line with the urge to cause a fight and declare my rights. They would also be in relation the kind of people existing in the society and their hostile nature. For instance, I once was forced to wear a stinking bone over my neck due to failure in accomplishing my assignments. Such a punishment would not have any control of my future behaviour because taking assignments should be more of a personal

Security Legislations and Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Legislations and Standards - Essay Example Some of the well known examples of these rules and regulations comprise the Clinger Cohen Act, the GPRA (Government Performance and Results Act) and FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act). Seeing that these rules, policies, and regulations are very important for the measurement of information security, thus including them for the information security performance management is useful for the businesses (Chew, Swanson, Stine, Bartol, Brown, & Robinson, 2008). This paper discusses the various aspects of Security Legislations and Standards. Legislations and Standards Serving their Purposes Global information security management guidelines play a significant role in organizing and determining organizational information system security. In this scenario, organizations use various rules and guidelines (such as BS ISO/IEC17799: 2000, BS7799, SSE-CMM and GASPP/GAISP) in order to determine and compare how authenticated their strategies are, and how extensively they are implemented . However, it is discovered that BS ISO/IEC17799: 2000, BS7799, SSE-CMM and GASPP/GAISP were general or common in their scope; as a result they did not focus on the dissimilarities exist between organizations and the reality that their safety needs are exceptional. In addition, according to the research those security strategies were authenticated by application to extensive capability thus it was not a dominant foundation for significant global information security strategy. Thus, to cope with these limitations, it is assessed that information security management strategy should be observed as a library of policies material on information safety management for the committed companies (Siponen & Willison, 2009). In this scenario, organizational directed security standards are different in intensity of concept. In addition, they differ from slack structures for security management (for example GMITS), to a record of security essentials i.e., " perform that, don’t carry out tha t" (for instance standards like BS7799 1993, IT Protection guide 1996), that look like those in list of tasks or responsibilities (for instance "clients should implement passwords whose length is more than 8 characters) that inserted security to information system in a mark in the pack way. Furthermore, development standards also encompass a public level function, as they offer the safety â€Å"development† rank to the business (Siponen & Willison, 2009). How to enforce these Legislations and Standards? The legislation and standard of ‘good practice’ for information security is the leading influence on information security. Additionally, it ensures information security by following a company’s viewpoint, as well as offers a realistic establishment for evaluating corporate data and information systems’ security. In order to effectively implement security management standards and techniques we first need to see the nature of security issues and danger s which an organization is currently facing. In this scenario we need to assess some important security issues those need to be managed and handled through simple security solution. For the management and neutralization of serious security and privacy management aspects we need to build and implement an effective business management policy that could effectively oversee security and privacy related aspect. In this scenario, the basic aim of information security management and standard enforcement is to react against the needs of global security management associations. Another aim is to focus on developing some useful strategies for better handling and

Financial Accounting Midterm Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Accounting Midterm Project - Essay Example Meanwhile, managerial accounting reports are designed to serve specific needs of the management. They make use of both historical data and estimated data. While financial accounting reports have to be prepared according to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the same does not hold true with managerial accounting reports. (Warren, Reeve, etc., 1987, pp. 2-4) A job opening in the field of financial accounting at the Monster website states that "the Accounting Manager is responsible and accountable for the entire Company's Accounting Department." As such, he/she will manage and provide direction to the accounting department personnel as well as direct and lead all accounting functions to ensure that all accounting, financial and tax information are properly disseminated and reported. The job requirements include a bachelor's degree in Accounting, experience in cost accounting and the preparation of cash flow statements and skills in preparing tax returns and audit revie ws. (Monster 2010) Meanwhile, a job opening in the field of managerial accounting requires a Revenue Accounting Manager who will have the following main duty: "continuously work to understand the various revenue streams to ensure the highest levels of revenue recognition." (Monster 2010) Similarly, the job requirements include a bachelor's degree in Accounting. In contrast to the job opening for a financial accountant, however, this one requires "strong project management and planning skills" and an "analytical mind which is able to process information logically delivering value added analysis." These stuffs are definitely necessary in the domain of managerial accounting. 2. According to history, accounting was first established by Luca Pacioli - an Italian Renaissance mathematician, a close friend and tutor to Leonardo da Vince and a contemporary of Christopher Columbus. Pacioli described in his work entitled "Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportione et Proportionalite" a syste m that served to make sure that financial information were efficiently kept in accurate records. This basic system eventually became established as the way to note down all transactions of businesses. (Weygandt, Kieso, etc. 2009, pp. 5-6) 3. The following are the liquidity ratios of Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) and Apple Inc. (AAPL) for the year 2010: MSFT AAPL Current Ratio 2.5 1.8 Acid Test Ratio 2.2 1.6 These ratios show that both MSFT and AAPL have sufficient liquid resources to pay up their short-term liabilities. Of the two, MSFT is the company with the higher level of liquidity. The current ratios indicate that their current assets can well be utilized to fully settle their current liabilities. Meanwhile, the acid test ratios indicate that the two companies would be able to fully settle all their short-term liabilities by using only the most liquid of their assets - namely: cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable. 4. The following are the activity measures of Micr osoft Corporation (MSFT) and Apple Inc. (AAPL) for the year 2010: Asset Management Ratios MSFT AAPL Inventory Turnover (# of times) 19.2 63.9 Accounts Receivable Turnover 5.5 16.7 Fixed Assets Turnover 8.8 17.0 Total Assets Turnover 0.8 1.1 The above

The theme of loneliness in Methamorphosis by Kafka and Boo Radley in Essay

The theme of loneliness in Methamorphosis by Kafka and Boo Radley in To Kill A Mockingbird - Essay Example Both Lee and Camus demonstrate major societal conflict through their themes of loneliness as manifested in Boo and Meursault. Boo Radley is a recluse, a shy man who lives not far from the Finches but never ventures outdoors. A lot of mystery surrounds the actual facts of Boo Radley’s detachment from society and he becomes the subject of malicious rumors. One rumor has Boo Radley coming out in the dark of night and peering into neighbor’s windows. The rumors however are mere indications of society’s fear of the unknown and the low tolerance for those who do not meld or blend in with society. They become the objects of scorn and demonization. Meursault, like Boo is very much an outsider although he does physically blend in with society. Outwardly, Meurasult is an ordinary member of the community. He has an apartment, a job and a girlfriend. His detachment is founded on his mental and emotional distance. In one exchange with his girlfriend Marie, the reader understands the limits of Meursault’s ability to connect with another human being. Meursault is indifferent to his mother’s death and this indifference becomes problematic for him later on when he goes on trial for murder. Although the trial has a legitimate issue to try, Meursault is as much on trial for his non conformist attitude as he is for murder. It is Meursault’s departure from accepted norms that sets him apart as a loner and an outsider and this is why he like Boo is ultimately demonized by society. While the reader knows very little about Boo in the beginning chapters of To Kill a Mockingbird outside of rumors and myth, the reader is immediately introduced to Meursault’s indifference. The Outsider opens with the following observation by Meursault, the novel’s narrator: â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know. I got a telegram from the home: ‘Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours.’ That doesn’t mean anything. Maybe it